otoh, developers who like IDEs may have a higher productivity due to debugger integration.
Sure. At least in windows you can open an executable as a project with Visual Studio and debug it flawlessly.
if you drop the exe into the ide, you can debug, but does it run the executable with specific command line options in a specific working directory in a specific environment? Yes, that's totally up to you.
but i suppose that a user has to set this up manually as it is not defined in the build definition
and/or does it populate a project with source files involved No it does not. It treats the binaries as kind of a project file.
and does it create a code model to allow source navigation as in native msvc project files? Yes, I can see no difference here.
debugging may be possible, but the UX will probably differ ... It does: the solution explorer window is mostly empty. Besides that you see no difference in UI and behaviour.
... also what about xcode or clion or qtcreator? or running the IDE-integrated static analysis tools on a codebase? or libclang based tools that use a json compile database?