Hi, Is there a standard qi paradigm for parsing a value multiple times? Suppose a configuration file has three parameters "a", "b" and "c" each of which take integers. Here's how to parse them in arbitrary order: struct abc { int a; int b; int c; }; .. // Inside the qi grammar with attribute abc start = +( (lit("a") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abc::a,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) |(lit("b") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abc::b,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) |(lit("c") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abc::c,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) ); With the grammar above, the final value of "a" comes from the the last line in the configuration file of the form "a = 23;" overwriting all previous statements. This (later values overriding earlier ones) is a fundamental requirement for this application. Is there a better way to write the rule above? Can semantic actions be avoided (perhaps by use of FUSION_ADAPT_STRUCT)? As far as I can tell, using the "^" operator requires that the members of struct abc be boost::optionals. This grammar does not need optionals because the instance of struct abc that is passed to the parsing function is already initialized with sane defaults. Second, composing grammars of this form does not seem to scale well. For example, suppose the configuration above is extended by one parameter, "d", for a different "composite" configuration file format. The easiest way to incorporate the new parameter is to copy and paste the old rule: struct abcd : abc { int d; }; .. // Inside the qi grammar with attribute abcd start = +( (lit("a") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abcd::a,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) |(lit("b") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abcd::b,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) |(lit("c") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abcd::c,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) |(lit("d") >> lit("=") >> int_[bind(&abcd::d,_val)=_1] >> lit(";")) ); The solution above is a clear DRY violation. Is there a solution that avoids copy-and-paste? Ravi