Hi I have some non-compiling code, and I'd like to know if it's a compiler bug, or something I'm doing wrong. In the following code (it's a simplified version of the real code where I met the problem) the call to F<int> instantiates S<int>. I think the compiler should choose the specialized version of S<>, but it seems to use the primary template instead, leading to an invalid non-lvalue int -> int& conversion. Strangely, if I explicitly instantiate S<int> (uncomment the commented line), then it compiles fine. I also tried implementing enable_if and is_fundamental myself, and came to the exact same results. Also tested that version (with the custom enable_if and is_fundamental) with the online Comeau compiler, and it compiled fine. So, I'd like to know whether this stuff should work according to the standard, and if not, why; and if anyone could suggest a workaround that works with VC++ 7.1. Thanks, Imre Here's the code: #include #include #include template struct S { typedef T& type; }; template <typename T> struct S::type> { typedef T type; }; //template struct S<int>; // Compiles fine with VC if this line is uncommented template <typename T> typename S<T>::type F() { return 0; } int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { F<int>(); return 0; }