Hi, How are the C++ and Python objects maintained when the context switch happens between the two - i.,e in the following example, once i create an object of Var in Python and pass it to C++ - does it pass by reference or value? The reason why i am asking is this because , we are developing a highly 'memory optimized' application and need very judicious use of the memory - and hence expect it to happen via reference. I tried to use Valgrind package and look at the dumps , but was flummoxed by the dumps - couldnt comprehend it :) Regards, -- Venkat Blog @ http://blizzardzblogs.blogspot.com