January 2019 - Boost-users - lists.preview.boost.org

[interprocess] Determine size of managed_shared_memory
by Kai Benndorf 12 Oct '19

12 Oct '19

Hi all, I want to create a managed_shared_memory in exactly the size I needed. Therefore I do something like this: size = sizeof( common_managed_shared_memory ); size += sizeof( MyClassInSharedMem ); managed_shared_memory segment(create_only, "name", size ); MyClassInSharedMem allocates itself some memory by segment->allocate(). I added this also to the size, but get a boost::interprocess::bad_alloc exception on allocating this additional memory. Are there some magic bytes I forgot to add? Many thanks in advance Kai

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boost::filtered_graph filtering on vertex color... if I only had a colormap
by Brian Davis 19 Jul '19

19 Jul '19

Lets say I have a graph g (of type graph_t) and a color map (boy I wish I had a colormap): typedef boost::property_map<graph_t, boost::vertex_color_t>::type color_map_t; or is it? auto indexmap = boost::get(boost::vertex_index, g); auto colors = boost::make_vector_property_map<boost::default_color_type>(indexmap); or maybe? auto indexmap = boost::get(boost::vertex_index, g); auto colors = boost::make_vector_property_map<boost::vertex_color_t>(indexmap); or possibly some goop found on the internet? boost::make_iterator_property_map(color_map.begin(), boost::get(boost::vertex_index, data_->g), color_map[0]) or other internet goop? typedef boost::property_map<GraphType, boost::vertex_color_t>::type color_map_t; color_map_t colorMap; boost::color_map(colorMap)) or other internet goop?? std::vector<int> colorMap(num_vertices(g), boost::white_color); so confused... (certainly not surprised why bgl is not a part of stl) Can someone help explain the various types and ways of specifying colormaps and the logic for each way and means? and a function (if I could get that far without VS syntax highlighter going bonkers and gobs of compiler errors.. you know the type): make_pretty(g, colormap ) which colors the graph colormap and a filter struct for boost::filtered_graph<Graph, EdgePredicate, VertexPredicate> (where I wonder why if I only want to filter vertices I have to set boost::keep_all for EdgePredicate... sigh... I know the answer... and also know how long it found me to find/figure out boost::keep_all - and if you are looking for boost::keep_all and found it here... your welcome ;-) ) and modifying (probably incorrectly) boost::filtered_graph example to: template <typename ColorMap> struct vertex_color_filter_eq { vertex_color_filter_eq() { } vertex_color_filter_eq(ColorMap colormap/*, boost::default_color_type c*/) : m_colormap(colormap)/*, m_c(c)*/ { } template <typename Vertex> bool operator()(const Vertex& v) const { return 0 < get(m_colormap, v); //return c < get(m_colormap, v); } ColorMap m_colormap; //boost::default_color_type m_c; }; auto indexmap = boost::get(boost::vertex_index, g); auto colors = boost::make_vector_property_map<boost::default_color_type>(indexmap); // some where here I would call make_pretty(g, colors) typedef property_map<graph_t, boost::vertex_color_t>::type ColorMap_t; vertex_color_filter<ColorMap_t> filter(colors); // boost::filtered_graph<graph_t, boost::keep_all, VertexPredicate> boost::filtered_graph<graph_t, boost::keep_all, vertex_color_filter> fg(g, filter); // Later say if I could get it compile and better if it compiled and worked I could move on and auto color = boost::red_color; typedef property_map<graph_t, boost::vertex_color_t>::type ColorMap_t; vertex_color_filter<ColorMap_t> filter(colors, color); boost::filtered_graph<graph_t, boost::keep_all, vertex_color_filter> fg(g, filter); Maybe if I color them yellow, I can then reach the wizard pull back the curtain and ask how to create a color map... If I only had a color map.

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Question on Posix timezone string
by Mats Webjörn/WIKAB 10 Mar '19

10 Mar '19

I'm using Boost 1.66 and use the following code to get a Posix string to set my uCLinux TZ environment variable to get a local time from an UTC time #include <boost/date_time/local_time/tz_database.hpp> #include <boost/date_time/local_time/local_time.hpp> tz_database tz_db; tz_db.load_from_file("./date_time_zonespec.csv"); time_zone_ptr nyc = tz_db.time_zone_from_region("Europe/Stockholm"); auto s = nyc->to_posix_string(); // "CET+01CEST+01,M3.5.0/02:00,M10.5.0/03:00" setenv("TZ", s.c_str(), 1); The odd thing is that my localtime becomes incorrect, and is actually 1 hr wrong on the opposite side of UTC. But, when I read https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/TZ-Variable.html it says "The offset specifies the time value you must add to the local time to get a Coordinated Universal Time value". Not add to UTC time, which seems like the Boost Posix string assumes !!!!! Which explains why 16:00 UTC give 15:00 CET instead of 17:00 which is the correct value, when using localtime_r(). Am I missing something fundamentally, or what? Regards Mats Webjörn Webjörn IngenjörsKonsult AB Solhemsbackarna 75A SE-163 56 SPÅNGA Sweden

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Boost Test thread safety
by Dan Field 21 Feb '19

21 Feb '19

Hi folks: I'm trying to identify whether or not the boost Test library is thread safe in the sense that multiple threads can simultaneously interact with the library's various macros and API. I'm more interested in a single test being multi-threaded than being able to run multiple test cases simultaneously. In early documentation of the Test library (version 1.58.0 and before) , there's a section in the introduction called "Open issues" that indicates that the library is not thread-safe. However, the documentation after 1.58.0 was substantially re-written, and I don't see any discussion regarding thread safety at all. The question remains. is the Test library thread-safe or not? If there is a definitive statement regarding this issue, please let me know. Thanks in advance!

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[boost.test] Colors
by Udo Steinbach 20 Feb '19

20 Feb '19

Ahoi! I use boost.test and have now updated to boost v1.68 on Windows, working in standard console. Now Test has colored output, YEAH. The result you see in the picture https://www2.pic-upload.de/img/36193998/no_error_detected.png Notice that I don't use the standard color scheme. With set BOOST_TEST_COLOR_OUTPUT=1 text is light green on gray, bad to read. set BOOST_TEST_COLOR_OUTPUT=0 does black on gray. After that the colors are set to my scheme. Now error result with set BOOST_TEST_COLOR_OUTPUT=1: https://www2.pic-upload.de/img/36193997/failure.png Light red on gray, OK to read, but reset to dark red on gray. I have to use the color command to reset the colors. With command line options it's all the same. Hmmm, how useful can colors be, if the standard output (no error detected) is only one short line? Both pics on https://www.pic-upload.de/gal-1197957/om664y/1.html -- Fahrradverkehr in Deutschland: http://radwege.udoline.de/ GPG: A245 F153 0636 6E34 E2F3 E1EB 817A B14D 3E7E 482E

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issue with property_tree/json_parser
by Harikrishna 29 Jan '19

29 Jan '19

Hi All, I am trying to use boost json_parser. I have included json_parser.hpp in my cpp file, I have not included any other code. But I am getting many compilation errors like error: 'boost::spirit::classic' has not been declared and In function void boost::property_tree::json_parser::read_json_internal(std::basic_istream<typename Ptree::key_type::value_type, std::char_traits<typename Ptree::key_type::value_type> >&, Ptree&, const std::string&): [exec] /usr/include/boost/property_tree/detail/json_parser_read.hpp:288: error: \u2018classic\u2019 is not a namespace-name Can you help me resolve this issue? -- Thanks Harikrishna

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[Spirit] Looking for a little Qi guidance for Unicode parsing
by Michael Powell 28 Jan '19

28 Jan '19

Hello, I am turning a corner in my JSON parser. I support ASCII through and through, but now I want to support Unicode, apparently UTF-8, part of the JSON standard. From what I can tell, this is not the entire grammar, but just for Strings. Looking for a little guidance on how to approach that issue, the elements involved, etc. Such as, are we talking about C++ std::wstring? I have also seen std::u32string referenced in some forums. To begin with, it is a somewhat naive impression, would the characters not translate to unsigned char or char, but rather to std::wstring::value_type or std::u32string::value_type? Things like that come to mind approaching the issue. Additionally, how to otherwise handle symbol tables such as escape characters, i.e. from: struct escapes_t : qi::symbols<char, char> { escapes_t() { this->add("\\b", '\b') ("\\f", '\f') ("\\n", '\n') ("\\r", '\r') ("\\t", '\t') ("\\v", '\v') ("\\\\", '\\') ("\\/", '/') ("\\'", '\'') ("\\\"", '"') ; } } char_esc; And on from there. Thanks! Best regards, Michael W Powell

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ASIO: Writing Composed Operations
by Cristian Morales Vega 26 Jan '19

26 Jan '19

Hi, I was looking at https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/develop/libs/beast/doc/html/beast/using_io/w… and came up with a question I can't answer: In https://github.com/boostorg/beast/blob/develop/example/echo-op/echo_op.cpp#… why does it use the AsyncStream associated executor without even looking at the potentially different (right?) Handler associated executor? Regards.

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Fwd: Help needed with include path
by David Aldrich 25 Jan '19

25 Jan '19

Hi I am using Boost on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS, which has boost 1.65.1 installed. I want to use boost 1.69, which I have installed on another server. I specify that remote boost path in my makefile and make compiles my source file with: g++ -c -Wall -m64 -I/net/simdata/OpenSourceLibs/Boost/rel-1.69.0/ -fpic -O3 SINRCalculation.cpp -o _gnuRelease/SINRCalculation.o Now that source file uses boost/multi_array.hpp. The above compiler command gives error: In file included from /usr/include/boost/multi_array.hpp:30:0, from SINRCalculation.cpp:25: /net/simdata/Hudson_OpenSourceLibs/Boost/rel-1.69.0/boost/type_traits.hpp:118:10: fatal error: boost/type_traits/is_nothrow_swappable.hpp: No such file or directory #include <boost/type_traits/is_nothrow_swappable.hpp> ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ compilation terminated. Now my copy of boost 1.69 does contain is_nothrow_swappable.hpp so, at first sight, that error is surprising. I think what is happening is the is_nothrow_swappable.hpp is being searched for on the system library path (boost 1.65 does not have that file), not the one I specified using -I. Am I correct? If so, how can I force the compiler to use the boost 1.69 path consistently for all paths?

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Memory mapped files
by Simon Giddings 24 Jan '19

24 Jan '19

Good morning, We are developing a system which heavily uses memory mapped files. These files are initially created under a unix system, but will then be used in portable systems such as Android and iOS. We are having some problems loading memory mapped files created under Unix into Android. Is this scenario even possible ? Are the memory mapped files compatible between systems ? Hope you will be able to shed some light on this. Best regards Simon

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C++Now 2019 Registration is Open
by Jon Kalb 24 Jan '19

24 Jan '19

Boosters, Registration for C++Nows 2019 (aka BoostCon) is now open: http://cppnow.org/announcements/2019/01/2019-registration-is-open/ Please help us to spread the word about this announcement. Thanks. Note that the Aspen Meadows Resort online registration link is also up on the lodging page. Because there will be another group in the hotel, we’ve been allocated fewer rooms this year. Please either reserve a room very soon or plan to stay at the Lamplighter or another hotel in town. See you in Aspen in May. Jon

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[Format] Formatting some string chars not encoding to hex
by Michael Powell 22 Jan '19

22 Jan '19

Hello, I've got some characters that are not formatting to hex properly. They are not being interpreted correctly by the strongly typed Format. For instance, consider the format string: const char x = '$'; // also, '_', for instance const auto s = (boost::format("\\x%1$02x") % x).str(); I would expect this to encode to: "\\x24", however, instead this encodes to "\\x0$". I would expect '_' to encode: "\\x5f", however, this encodes to "\\x0_". In a few words, the encoding is "seeing" the char as a literal char instead of as an "integer". Although I could possibly trap for this as being the case, I do not think that I should. Thoughts? Format authors? Best regards, Michael Powell

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Warnings from 1.69.0
by tim＠raisedbar.net 22 Jan '19

22 Jan '19

Hi, Whilst building my application using Visual Studio 2017 I get the following warnings that I wasn't getting prior to changing to 1.69.0: 1>c:\program files\boost\boost\pending\integer_log2.hpp(7): note: This header is deprecated. Use <boost/integer/integer_log2.hpp> instead. The identified header is not referenced in my own code, but is being included by the Boost logging code. Can anybody advise me as to my best way of dealing with this situation, please, as I'm trying for a warning-free build. Best wishes. Tim Burgess Raised Bar Ltd. E: <mailto:tim@raisedbar.net> tim(a)raisedbar.net M: +44 (0)7989 486976

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[Spirit Qi] Failed to parse the following fixed format double
by Michael Powell 19 Jan '19

19 Jan '19

Hello, We've been here before, but it is still a problem. I formatted this one using Boost.Format, "%1$.20f", especially dealing with 64-bit floating point values: "-6454866677007257221799838306103363329054216765979693126687924767750184064408021645577150612734391912932504859271476290909819606665305867922002041825515395649967939044362235953753132737391831714484437364695236622971838510661738713863719312223765488747173369566663518205119012003640541309414736378162701139968.00000000000000000000" Grammar is defined: numeric_sign %= ( ('-' >> attr(numeric_sign_minus)) | ('+' >> attr(numeric_sign_plus)) ) ; float_lit %= real_parser<float_t, strict_ureal_policies<float_t>>{}; floating_point %= -numeric_sign >> float_lit; With rules defined as: qi::rule<iterator_type, numeric_sign_t()> numeric_sign; qi::rule<iterator_type, float_t()> float_lit; qi::rule<iterator_type, floating_point_number_t()> floating_point; Where float_t is a defined part of the AST: using float_t = double; And floating_point maps to the floating_point_number_t, basically mapping the Sign and Value. Seems like we've been here before with inadequate response, however, reading the Boost documentation, I do not see any reason any Qi should be rejecting this value: https://www.boost.org/doc/libs/1_69_0/libs/spirit/doc/html/spirit/qi/refere… Particularly the RealPolicies: sign = lit('+') | '-' ; nan = -lit("1.0#") >> no_case["nan"] >> -('(' >> *(char_ - ')') >> ')') ; inf = no_case[lit("inf") >> -lit("inity")] ; floating_literal = -sign >> ( nan | inf | fractional_constant >> -exponent_part | +digit >> exponent_part ) ; fractional_constant = *digit >> '.' >> +digit | +digit >> -lit('.') ; exponent_part = (lit('e') | 'E') >> -sign >> +digit ; Although the concern I have is that the RealPolicy grammar defined above is not implemented as Qi Rules, per se, but rather brute force. In other words, error prone in the ways that a brute force approach is error prone. Best regards, Michael Powell

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[Format] How to format floating point values
by Michael Powell 19 Jan '19

19 Jan '19

Hello, How do I format floating point values, either double or float? I want to specify things like the precision during the formatting, i.e. how many digits to include in the fractional digits, and so forth. Currently, I am using this, for instance: General: "%1$g" Fixed: "%1$f" Scientific: "%1$e" or "%1$E" (depending on whether lower or upper case, respectively) Thanks! Best regards, Michael Powell

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is boost::container::static_vector header only library?
by Sivaram L 19 Jan '19

19 Jan '19

I am working on a embedded systems project, where we are exploring options to use STL containers without dynamic memory allocation, except std::array we cannot use any of the STL, boost container has static_vector for that, on browsing the code,we found that the library has to be built, is there a way to use this library as header only library?

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Atomic boost::filesystem::rename
by Lars 15 Jan '19

15 Jan '19

Hello, What is the most "atomic" way to move two files from a local disk to a server location? The meaning of atomic in this context means that either both files are moved or both files stay in original location. No intermediate files should be present once operation is finished. The two files are located in different directories; /root/file_a /root/data/file_b The solution must support both Windows and Linux environment. It appears boost::filesystem::rename(..) uses Win32 API MoveFileExW for the Windows implementation. The documentation for MoveFileExW states; "If the file is to be moved to a different volume, the function simulates the move by using the CopyFile and DeleteFile functions. If the file is successfully copied to a different volume and the original file is unable to be deleted, the function succeeds leaving the source file intact." This means boost::filesystem::rename(..) could potentially just perform a file copy which is undesirable behaviour. Our understanding is that Boost filesystem does not contain ACL permission support [1] which make it difficult to check privileges prior to performing moves. Appreciate any input on the matter. Using C++14 and Boost. [1] - https://lists.boost.org/boost-users/2018/12/89232.php

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Re: [Boost-users] Server application won't bind to ports on IP address other than my internal ones
by Osman Zakir 15 Jan '19

15 Jan '19

I just tried commenting out the POST request handling code and the client_session stuff, and then tried to run it with my external IP, but the same error from bind() came up saying that the requested address is not valid in its context. I also tried using the wildcard IP 0.0.0.0 as the command line argument for the address when running the server and entering my external IP into the browser address bar, but I still couldn't visit the app in the browser (can't get to it either way). The problem is probably in the server code, and is because of Asio (probably). I need some advice on how best to confirm this and troubleshoot the problem. Thanks in advance.

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C++Now 2019 Submission Deadline
by Jon Kalb 14 Jan '19

14 Jan '19

The deadline for submitting to C++Now 2019 is just a few days away. If you’ve been thinking of submitting, please do not delay: http://cppnow.org/announcements/2018/12/2019-call-for-submissions/ <http://cppnow.org/announcements/2018/12/2019-call-for-submissions/> Thanks. Jon

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Boost.Optional error should be a warning
by Michael Powell 14 Jan '19

14 Jan '19

Hello, I am using Boost.Optional, and, while I do want to "include it in an output", the library which I am doing so has another mechanism to do so. Translation, for Optional purposes, the following assertion should be a warning, IMO, and not an error: BOOST_STATIC_ASSERT_MSG(sizeof(CharType) == 0, "If you want to output boost::optional, include header <boost/optional/optional_io.hpp>"); Cheers, Michael Powell

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Boost.Units: Is it possible to convert on assignment without casting?
by Carel Combrink 14 Jan '19

14 Jan '19

Hi. I have two unit quantities defined as follow: static const auto Hz = boost::units::si::hertz; static const auto KHz = boost::units::si::kilo * Hz; using Hertz = boost::units::quantity<decltype( Hz ), double>; using Kilohertz = boost::units::quantity<decltype( KHz ), double>; Assigning one type to another does not compile: Kilohertz freqKhz = Kilohertz::from_value( 1.234 ); Hertz freqHz = freqKhz; >>> error: conversion from 'Kilohertz {aka boost::units::quantity<...>, double>}' to non-scalar type 'Hertz {aka boost::units::quantity<...>, double>}' requested [1] Is this possible, should it be enabled or is it not supported? I am using boost 01.67, Mingw 5.3 and MSVC 2017 (C++14) The following options work as expected: Hertz freq1 = static_cast<Hertz>( freqKhz ); Hertz freq2 = Hertz( freqKhz ); But this adds a bit more code to maintain and keep in sync, one thing one tries to avoid when using the library since one needs to keep the LHS and the RHS of the opertor= in sync. PS: The chrono library allows this type of conversion given there is no information lost (but for double as storage types this should not be the case) std::chrono::seconds sec = std::chrono::seconds { 10 }; std::chrono::nanoseconds nsec = sec; [1] https://gcc.godbolt.org/z/0sTHQQ Regards, Carel

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Forcing boost to build zlib
by Simon Michalke 12 Jan '19

12 Jan '19

Hello, what is needed to force bjam to build zlib? Is the zlib.h enough? Also is there a way to make bjam fail compiling if I set "NO_ZLIB=0" and it does not find the zlib.h / source? It is really inconvenient that bjam silently switches off zlib without any error or warning why zlib is not being build. My commands are: ./bootstrap.sh --without-libraries=python --prefix=/home/simon/code/cfs/release_mingw_openblas/cfsdeps/boost/install --with-toolset=gcc --without-libraries=context --without-libraries=coroutine target-os=windows architecture=x86 address-model=64 release and ./b2 target-os=windows architecture=x86 address-model=64 release --user-config=user-config.jam toolset=gcc-mingw -s ZLIB_BINARY=\"/home/simon/code/cfs/release_mingw_openblas/lib64/MINGW_X86_64/libzlibstatic.a\" -s ZLIB_INCLUDE=\"/home/simon/code/cfs/release_mingw_openblas/include\" -s NO_ZLIB=0 threading=multi install (this is cross compiling, but I have the same problem building for Linux) Regards, Simon

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Possible Boost.Variant issue with JSON AST
by Michael Powell 11 Jan '19

11 Jan '19

Hello, I've got an AST I am developing to support JSON parsing using the latest VC++ (15.9.5), however, I am having difficulty persuading the compiler with my forward declarations. i.e. 1>d:\dev\boost.org\boost_1_69_0\boost\mpl\sizeof.hpp(27): error C2027: use of undefined type 'kingdom::json::object_t' In terms of JSON AST modeling, the rub appears to be in a couple of places: defining the JSON AST Array, and making the JSON AST Object available to Value. Re: semantic terminology, Value is interchangeable with Element, in view of the JSON grammar. Here's my attempt at a flattened single source example: https://wandbox.org/permlink/83c3VXZ4W1DHoEBc I seem to recall there being future issues with C++ forward declarations, but this seems to be like a bad language design decision to restrict this, especially in light of this kind of approach. I'm not sure how better to sort this out. At minimum, at least Value needs a forward declaration depending on how I arrange my headers, includes, etc. But then I still run into Value forward declaration undefined type issues. I'm not sure it's as much a language issue as much as it is possible a Boost.Variant issue, per se. Suggestions? Thanks! Michael Powell

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[Spirit] Incompatible skipper type?
by Michael Powell 10 Jan '19

10 Jan '19

Hello, I'm a bit confused here, not sure what this means: Severity Code Description Project File Line Suppression State Error C2664 'bool boost::function4<R,T0,T1,T2,T3>::operator ()(T0,T1,T2,T3) const': cannot convert argument 4 from 'const Skipper' to 'T3' Kingdom.Json.Parser.Tests d:\dev\boost.org\boost_1_69_0\boost\spirit\home\qi\nonterminal\rule.hpp 304 // If you are seeing a compilation error here stating that the // fourth parameter can't be converted to a required target type // then you are probably trying to use a rule or a grammar with // an incompatible skipper type. if (f(first, last, context, skipper)) {} Incompatible where? How? Requires clarification please. The default Skipper type, which I am using at the moment, is boost::spirit::qi::space_type. I aim to use the proven Comment Skipper that I leveraged in a previous iteration eventually, but I expect that compilation should work with the simple space type at least. Because as far as I can determine all of the rules in my Grammar have the same Skipper type. struct json_grammar : qi::grammar<It, value_t(), Skipper> { using iterator_type = It; using skipper_type = Skipper; using char_rule_type = qi::rule<It, char()>; json_grammar() : json_grammar::base_type(value_) { // ... } private: struct escapes_t : qi::symbols<char, char> { escapes_t() { this->add("\\b", '\b') ("\\f", '\f') ("\\n", '\n') ("\\r", '\r') ("\\t", '\t') ("\\v", '\v') ("\\\\", '\\') ("\\/", '/') ("\\'", '\'') ("\\\"", '"') ; } } char_esc; //qi::rule<iterator_type> line_cont; char_rule_type hex_esc, unicode_esc; qi::rule<iterator_type, str_t()> quot_str, tick_str, str_lit; qi::rule<iterator_type, std::vector<value_t>(), skipper_type> array_; qi::rule<iterator_type, boost::tuple<key_t, value_t>(), skipper_type> member; qi::rule<iterator_type, std::vector<boost::tuple<key_t, value_t>>(), skipper_type> object_; qi::rule<iterator_type, key_t(), skipper_type> member_key; qi::rule<iterator_type, value_t(), skipper_type> value_; qi::rule<iterator_type, numeric_sign_t(), skipper_type> numeric_sign; qi::rule<iterator_type, float_t(), skipper_type> float_lit; qi::rule<iterator_type, floating_point_number_t(), skipper_type> floating_point; qi::rule<iterator_type, int_t(), skipper_type> hex_int, oct_int, dec_int, int_lit; qi::rule<iterator_type, integer_number_t(), skipper_type> integer; qi::rule<iterator_type, boolean_t(), skipper_type> bool_lit; qi::rule<iterator_type, null_t(), skipper_type> null_lit; }; Best regards, Michael Powell

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Server application won't bind to ports on IP address other than my internal ones
by Osman Zakir 10 Jan '19

10 Jan '19

I have a server application that I wrote. It currently doesn't bind to any ports on any IP address other than my computer's internal IP addresses (the localhost and 192.168.x.x ones). The application is the one whose source code is on GitHub here<https://github.com/DragonOsman/currency_converter/>. I used the asynchronous server and client examples from the Boost.Beast GitHub repository for the networking code (this link for the server: link<https://github.com/boostorg/beast/blob/develop/example/http/server/async/ht…>; this link for the client: link<https://github.com/boostorg/beast/blob/develop/example/http/client/async/ht…>). But when I run it using my external IP address, I get the error documented on lines 471 and 472: // Bind to the server address acceptor_.bind(endpoint, ec); if (ec) { std::cerr << "Lines 471 and 472:\n"; fail(ec, "bind"); return; } with the error itself being: bind: The requested address is not valid in its context And I've heard from whoever has tried to download and then run the server application that it just closes on its own after a while. I also tried to deploy it to Heroku as a Docker container before and found that it wouldn't bind to any ports they tried to bind it to and they had to kill it with SIGKILL. I tried to look for the code for bind in Asio, but I don't really know where to look. Some help on that would also be appreciated. I might be able to figure it from reading that code. If I can't, I'll come back here.

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