August 2005 - Boost-users - lists.preview.boost.org

Vector of string pb
by Lana Abadie 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

Hello, I am using boost for the first time. I have the following boost.cpp file: #include "../confDBAPIpython/test1.h" #include <boost/python.hpp> #include <boost/python/suite/indexing/vector_indexing_suite.hpp> #include <boost/python/module.hpp> #include <boost/python/def.hpp> #include <boost/python/implicit.hpp> using namespace boost::python; BOOST_PYTHON_MODULE(confDBAPIpython) { // Compile check only... class_<std::vector<int> >("IntVec") .def(vector_indexing_suite<std::vector<int> >()); class_<std::vector<std::string> >("StringVec") .def(vector_indexing_suite<std::vector<std::string> >()); def("DBConnexion",PyDBConnexion); def("DBDeconnexion",PyDBDeconnexion); def("GetDeviceTypeRow",PyGetDeviceTypeRow); def("GetDeviceRow_devicename",PyGetDeviceRow_devicename); def("GetDeviceRow_deviceid",PyGetDeviceRow_deviceid); def("GetDetailedConnectivityBetweenDevices",PyGetDetailedConnectivityBet weenDevices); def("GetConnectivityBetweenDevices",PyGetConnectivityBetweenDevices); } The two last fct returns vector<std::string>. When I try to use them in python, I have the following error message: list_str=libconfDBAPIpython.GetConnectivityBetweenDevices("TFC","THOR_00 ","ECAL_L1FE06_02_00"); print list_str[0]; Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in ? TypeError: No Python class registered for C++ class std::string I don't understand why. I thought it will be handled by the vector_indexing_suite. I have no problem when a fcuntion returns a string or a vector<int> Thanks for helping Lana

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string_algo does not have is_iless???
by gast128 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

Dear all, Just ran into a request for a case insensitive std::map. Unfortunately the string_algo did not have something like is_iless, while boost bind does not help me here. Is it possible to add this to the string_algo library? Wkr, me

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New web site
by Foster Gareth 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

I just visited boost.org for the first time in a while, and I just thought I'd email in to say the new site looks fantasic, congratulations to the site designer on a job well done! Cheers, Gaz

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.Net equalent Options in regex
by Kiran Reddy 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

Hi, I would like to know the regex options equalent to the following .Net Reqular Expressions Options: ** *Multiline* ** Specifies multiline mode. Changes the meaning of *^* and *$* so that they match at the beginning and end, respectively, of any line, not just the beginning and end of the whole string. *ExplicitCapture* ** Specifies that the only valid captures are explicitly named or numbered groups of the form (?<*name*>…). This allows parentheses to act as noncapturing groups without the syntactic clumsiness of (?:…). ** *Singleline* ** Specifies single-line mode. Changes the meaning of the period character (.) so that it matches every character (instead of every character except *\n*). *IgnorePatternWhitespace* ** Specifies that unescaped white space is excluded from the pattern and enables comments following a number sign (#). (For a list of escaped white-space characters, see Character Escapes<ms-help://MS.MSDNQTR.2005JUL.1033/cpgenref/html/cpconcharacterescapes.htm>.) Note that white space is never eliminated from within a character class. Thanks in Advance. Regards Kiran

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building an inofficial boost library
by martin f krafft 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

Hi boosters, I am trying to put John Torjo's wonderful logging library[0] to use. Unfortunately, it's not in boost yet, but I need it now already. How do I build it? Can I build it separately from an existing boost? 0. http://www.torjo.com/code/logging.zip I found that I can unzip the file over boost 1.33 and bjam will automatically build it. However, there are a couple of problems with it, specifically with the generated library files: - the SONAME of the libraries will be 1.33.0. I don't think this is appropriate since the library is not in 1.33.0. I'd rather use an SONAME of 0.0.20050801. How can I tell bjam to use this as an SONAME for just libs/log ? - The filename includes 1.33.0 as well: libboost_log-gcc-mt-1_33_0.so How can I change this to 0_0_22050801 ? - The static libraries include a "s" in the name to indicate they are static: libboost_log-gcc-mt-s-0_0_20050801.a None of the other boost libraries on my Debian system include this 's', and the Debian package build script just does not deal well (I'd like to make a package since I need it on multiple machines). How can I prevent the 's' from being put in there? I appreciate any help! And thanks to John for this nice library! -- martin; (greetings from the heart of the sun.) \____ echo mailto: !#^."<*>"|tr "<*> mailto:" net@madduck invalid/expired pgp (sub)keys? use subkeys.pgp.net as keyserver! spamtraps: madduck.bogus(a)madduck.net "zwei monologe, die sich gegenseitig immer und immer wieder störend unterbrechen, nennt man eine diskussion." -- charles tschopp

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Boost 1.33.0 released
by Doug Gregor 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

Boost 1.33.0 ------------ New Libraries * Iostreams Library: Framework for defining streams, stream buffers and i/o filters, from Jonathan Turkanis. * Functional/Hash Library: A TR1 hash function object that can be extended to hash user defined types, from Daniel James. * Parameter Library: Write functions that accept arguments by name: especially useful when a function has more than one argument with a useful default value, since named arguments can be passed in any order. * Pointer Container Library: Containers for storing heap-allocated polymorphic objects to ease OO-programming, from Thorsten Ottosen. * Wave: Standards conformant implementation of the mandated C99/C++ preprocessor functionality packed behind an easy to use iterator interface, from Hartmut Kaiser. Updated Libraries * Assignment Library: Support for Pointer Container Library and new efficient functions ref_list_of() and cref_list_of() for generating anonymous ranges. * Bind Library: Bind expressions now support comparisons and negation. Example: bind(&X::name, _1) < bind(&X::name, _2). * Date-Time Library: o Added local time and time zone classes. o Added format-based Input/Output facets. o For a complete list of changes, see the library change history. * Graph Library: Introduced several new algorithms and improved existing algorithms: o Experimental Python bindings, from Doug Gregor and Indiana University. o floyd_warshall_all_pairs_shortest_paths, from Lauren Foutz and Scott Hill. o astar_search, from Kristopher Beevers and Jufeng Peng. o fruchterman_reingold_force_directed_layout, from Doug Gregor and Indiana University. o biconnected_components and articulation_points, from Jeremy Siek, Janusz Piwowarski, and Doug Gregor. o sequential_vertex_coloring has been updated, tested, and documented. o gursoy_atun_layout, from Jeremiah Willcock and Doug Gregor of Indiana University. o king_ordering, from D. Kevin McGrath of Indiana University. o cuthill_mckee ordering has been recast as an invocation of breadth_first_search and now supports graphs with multiple components. o dijkstra_shortest_paths now uses a relaxed heap as its priority queue, improving its complexity to O(V log V) and improving real-world performance for larger graphs. o read_graphviz now has a new, Spirit-based parser that works for all graph types and supports arbitrary properties on the graph, from Ron Garcia. The old, Bison-based GraphViz reader has been deprecated and will be removed in a future Boost release. write_graphviz also supports dynamic properties. o subgraph: get_property now refers to the subgraph property, not the root graph's property. o See the history for additional changes and bug fixes. * Multi-index Containers Library: o New hashed indices. o Added serialization support. o For a complete list of changes, see the library release notes. * Program Options Library: o Option descriptions are now printed with word wrapping. o Command line parser can bypass unregistered options, instead of throwing. o Removed support for "implicit" (optional) values. o New customization method 'command_line_parser::extra_style_parser'. Unlike 'additional_parser', allows the user to parse several tokens and return a vector of options, not just a single option. o Work with disabled exceptions. * Property Map Library: Introduced the dynamic properties class, which provides dynamically-typed access to a set of property maps. * Random Number Library: improved initialization for mersenne_twister, algorithm by Makoto Matsumoto and Takuji Nishimura, implemented for Boost by Jens Maurer. Note: All test vectors for mersenne_twisters constructed or seeded without parameters or with a single unsigned int parameter become invalid. * Range Library: Minor addition of convenience functions to iterator range like front(), back() and operator[](). * Regex Library: o Rewritten front end parser now supports (?imsx-imsx) constructs, plus lookbehind assertions and conditional expressions. o Thin wrapper classes improve integration with MFC/ATL code. o Full (optional) Unicode support via the ICU library. Refer to the regex history page for more information on these and other small changes. * Serialization Library: o DLL version. o Auto-linking. o Serialization of variants. o Improved seialization of shared pointers. * Signals Library: added slot blocking/unblocking, from Frantz Maerten. Huge improvements to signal invocation performance from Robert Zeh. Supported Compilers Boost is tested on a wide range of compilers and platforms. Since Boost libraries rely on modern C++ features not available in all compilers, not all Boost libraries will work with every compiler. The following compilers and platforms have been extensively tested with Boost, although many other compilers and platforms will work as well. For more information, see the regression test results. * Apple GCC 3.x on Mac OS X. * Borland C++ 5.6.4 on Windows. * GNU C++ 2.95.3 (with and without STLport), 3.2.x., 3.3.x, 3.4.x, 4.0.x on Windows, Linux and Solaris. * Intel C++ 8.1, 9.0 on Windows, Linux. * Metrowerks CodeWarrior 8.3, 9.4, 9.5 on Mac OS X and Windows. * Microsoft Visual C++ 6.0 (sp5, with and without STLport), 7.0, 7.1, 8.0 beta. Note: due to intermittent problems with Visual C++ 8.0 beta, and the presence of a variety of pre-release compiler builds, we are unable to guarantee compatibility until the final compiler is released. Acknowledgements Douglas Gregor managed this release. A great number of people contributed their time and expertise to make this release possible. Special thanks go to Aleksey Gurtovoy and Misha Bergal, who managed to keep the regression testing system working throughout the release process; David Abrahams, Beman Dawes, Aleksey Gurtovoy, Rene Rivera and Jonathan Turkanis for greatly improving the quality of this release; Rene Rivera for the new Boost web page design; and Zoltan "cad" Juhasz for the new Boost logo.

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Auto unit test suite hangs due to locked mutex
by Richard Newman 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

I have searched the net for some indication of what I might be dealing with but have come up empty. This is on a Fedora Core 2 system running GCC 3.3.3. Boost was installed via RPM: # rpm -q boost boost-1.32.0-3.1.2 # I have a reasonably small auto unit test suite via Boost with 48 small discrete tests. It has been running fine previously. There are no tests that are known to invoke mutexes, Boost or otherwise. When we previously built Boost manually, this was not an issue; we're now trying to use the standard RPMs to make distribution/release building simpler. There is possibly an issue in how we're linking to libraries in our automake since those had to be changed to use the RPM installed libraries rather than our previously home-built ones. However, the make (compile, link, etc.) throws no errors, etc., and so we have no indication other than this hang that this is indeed where the problem lies. I had these make files, etc. working fine on a similarily installed system that instead ran FC4 with gcc 4.0.1 and Boost was installed as an RPM but at boost-1.32.0-6. When I copied to the FC2 system and set it up, I now see the issue. The lone symptom is that the test suite seems to complete but then hangs afterwards, apparently deadlocked on a mutex. When I run the test program under --log_level=all, I get the following output: ------------ $ mytestsuite --log_level=all Running 48 test cases... Entering test suite "Auto Unit Test" Entering test case "CounterConstruction" [...specific test output...] Leaving test case "CounterConstruction" [...more test cases...] Entering test case "DataNodeEqualityTest" [...specific test output...] Leaving test case "DataNodeEqualityTest" Leaving test suite "Auto Unit Test" *** No errors detected -------------- ...and then it just hangs without returning to the command line until I ctrl-C. When I run it under gdb to get a stack trace, I get the following session: -------------- $ libtool gdb mytestsuite *** Warning: inferring the mode of operation is deprecated. *** Future versions of Libtool will require -mode=MODE be specified. GNU gdb Red Hat Linux (6.0post-0.20040223.19rh) Copyright 2004 Free Software Foundation, Inc. GDB is free software, covered by the GNU General Public License, and you are welcome to change it and/or distribute copies of it under certain conditions. Type "show copying" to see the conditions. There is absolutely no warranty for GDB. Type "show warranty" for details. This GDB was configured as "i386-redhat-linux-gnu"...Using host libthread_db library "/lib/tls/libthread_db.so.1". (gdb) run Starting program: /home/build/<ourpath>/.libs/lt-mytestsuite Error while mapping shared library sections: : Success. Error while reading shared library symbols: : No such file or directory. [Thread debugging using libthread_db enabled] [New Thread -150709728 (LWP 13105)] Error while reading shared library symbols: : No such file or directory. Error while reading shared library symbols: : No such file or directory. Running 48 test cases... *** No errors detected Program received signal SIGINT, Interrupt. [Switching to Thread -150709728 (LWP 13105)] 0x00272402 in ?? () (gdb) backtrace #0 0x00272402 in ?? () #1 0x0064dcbe in __lll_mutex_lock_wait () from /lib/tls/libpthread.so.0 #2 0x0064ac84 in _L_mutex_lock_29 () from /lib/tls/libpthread.so.0 #3 0x00000000 in ?? () (gdb) quit The program is running. Exit anyway? (y or n) y $ -------------- Finally, a library listing for the test suite executable gives the following: -------------- $ ldd ./.libs/mytestsuite linux-gate.so.1 => (0x001fb000) mylibrary.0 => not found [...related to libtool use?] libxslt.so.1 => /usr/lib/libxslt.so.1 (0x03ec2000) libxml2.so.2 => /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2 (0x03a8c000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib/tls/libpthread.so.0 (0x00644000) libz.so.1 => /usr/lib/libz.so.1 (0x00557000) libxmlwrapp.so.5 => /home/build/<somepath>/dep/lib/libxmlwrapp.so.5 (0x00dcc000) libboost_unit_test_framework.so.1 => /usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so.1 (0x003bf000) libstdc++.so.5 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 (0x0080c000) libm.so.6 => /lib/tls/libm.so.6 (0x0052c000) libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00763000) libc.so.6 => /lib/tls/libc.so.6 (0x0040f000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x003f2000) $ -------------- Any advice to proceed and repair? We'd like very much to be able to use these RPMs than reverting back to our previous homegrown approach. Thank you and kind regards, Richard Newman Crowley Davis Research, Inc.

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program options config file format?
by stark 12 Aug '05

12 Aug '05

Hi About a week ago Mathias Kaepler posted the following question: >Hi, > >the program_options reference talks about being able to parse config >files, but doesn't mention a thing about its layout. No examples are >shown how a file has to look like to be parsable by program_options. > > >Any ideas? Besides the layout, which characters are treated as comments? . > >-- >Matthias Kaeppler I have exactly the same question but have not been able to find the response that was given to Mathias. Would someone share it with me? thanks, Glen Stark

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Re: [Boost-users] Maybe a problem with boost::object_pool?
by Labour, Matthieu (MLPRO SF) 11 Aug '05

11 Aug '05

Caleb Thanks for your answer. I tried running the following program with valgrind but as you said valgrind doesn't complain and I was unable to crash it. Without valgrind sometimes it works fine, sometimes it crashes.... I tested it on 4 different machines. On all of them I had crashes. So I doubt the memory is at fault. Sometimes it requires 20+ threads to crash it. But it crashes always at the same place. Here is an example of simple program + purify trace. I use Red Hat linux 3.2.3-47 Gcc version 3.2.3 20030502 Purify 2003a.05.15 Boost 1.32.0 #include <stdlib.h> #include <iostream> #include <boost/thread/thread.hpp> #include <boost/pool/poolfwd.hpp> #include <boost/pool/object_pool.hpp> class Foo{ public: int foo; }; static boost::object_pool<Foo>* _pool; class Bar{ public: Bar(){} void operator()(){ const int FOO_COUNT = 100; Foo* foo[FOO_COUNT]; int i; for(;;){ for(i=0; i<FOO_COUNT; i++){ try{ foo[i] = _pool->construct(); }catch(...){ std::cout << "exception:construct..." << std::endl; } } for(i=0; i<FOO_COUNT; i++) if (foo[i]){ try{ _pool->destroy(foo[i]); }catch(...){ std::cout << "exception:destroy..." << std::endl; } } } } }; int main(int argc, char* argv[]) { if(argc != 2){ std::cout << "Usage: nbThrd" << std::endl; return 0; } int nbThrd = atoi(argv[1]); _pool = new boost::object_pool<Foo>(10); boost::thread_group _threads; Bar bar; for (int i=0; i<nbThrd; ++i){ _threads.create_thread(bar); } _threads.join_all(); return 0; } **** Purify instrumented custom (pid 23146 at Tue Aug 9 18:13:32 2005) * Purify 2003a.06.15 Linux (32-bit) (c) Copyright IBM Corp. 1992, 2005 All rights reserved. * For contact information type: "purify -help" * For TTY output, use the option "-windows=no" * Command-line: custom 50 * Options settings: -g++=yes -purify -best-effort \ -cache-dir=/home/mlabour/tmp-mlabour-g++ -chain-length=20 \ -fds-inuse-at-exit=no -inuse-at-exit -max_threads=100 \ -purify-home=/tools/rational/2003a.06.15/releases/purify.i386_linux2.200 3a.06.15 \ -gcc3_path=/usr/bin/g++ -cache-dir=/home/mlabour/tmp-mlabour-g++ \ -hw_cap=yes -language=english * License successfully checked out. * Command-line: custom 50 **** Purify instrumented custom (pid 23146) **** MAF: Memory allocation failed (3 times): * This is occurring while in thread 27610032: malloc [rtlib.o] _ZnWjRkSt9nOtHrOw_t [libstdc++.so.5] operator new []( unsigned,std::nothrow_t const &) [libstdc++.so.5] boost::pool<boost::default_user_allocator_new_delete>::ordered_malloc_ne ed_resize( void) [pool.hpp:55] boost::object_pool<Foo,boost::default_user_allocator_new_delete>::constr uct( void) [object_pool.hpp:76] Bar::operator ()( void) [custom.cpp:27] boost::detail::function::void_function_obj_invoker0<Bar, void>::invoke(boost::detail::function::any_pointer) [function_template.hpp:128] boost::function0< void,std::allocator<boost::function_base>>::operator ()( void) const [function_template.hpp:581] thread_proxy [thread.cpp:113] start_thread [libpthread.so.0] clone [libc.so.6] * Attempt to allocate 335544328 bytes failed. **** Purify instrumented custom (pid 23146) **** COR: Fatal core dump: * This is occurring while in thread 1073758112: arena_get2 [libc.so.6] MaLlOc [libc.so.6] _dl_allocate_tls [] allocate_stack [libpthread.so.0] PtHrEaD_CrEaTe@@GlIbC_2.1 [libpthread.so.0] boost::thread::thread(boost::function0< void,std::allocator<boost::function_base>> const &) [thread.cpp:161] boost::thread_group::create_thread(boost::function0< void,std::allocator<boost::function_base>> const &) [thread.cpp:327] main [function_template.hpp:433] __libc_start_main [libc.so.6] _start [crt1.o] * Received signal 11 (SIGSEGV - Segmentation fault) * Handler function: SIG_DFL * Faulting address = 0x40b5e008 * Signal mask: (SIGHUP | SIGQUIT | SIGILL | SIGABRT | SIGBUS | \ SIGKILL | SIGSEGV | SIGALRM | SIGTERM | SIGCHLD | SIGSTOP | SIGSTP | \ SIGTTOU | SIGXFSZ | SIGVTALRM | SIGPWR | SIGUNUSED | SIGReserved35 | \ SIGReserved36 | SIGReserved38 | SIGReserved39 | SIGReserved42 | \ SIGReserved43 | SIGReserved44 | SIGReserved46 | SIGReserved47 | \ SIGReserved53 | SIGReserved54 | SIGReserved57 | SIGReserved58 | \ SIGReserved61 | SIGReserved62) * Pending signals: -----Original Message----- From: boost-users-bounces(a)lists.boost.org [mailto:boost-users-bounces@lists.boost.org] On Behalf Of Caleb Epstein Sent: Tuesday, August 09, 2005 8:32 AM To: boost-users(a)lists.boost.org Subject: Re: [Boost-users] Maybe a problem with boost::object_pool? On 8/8/05, Labour, Matthieu (MLPRO SF) <matthieu_labour(a)ml.com> wrote: > A program creates N threads that construct & destroy objects in an > object pool. With N = 9, it crashes on linux That program works fine here with 1, 2, 4, 8, and 9 threads on a 2-way RedHat AS3.1 machine here. I've tried running it with "valgrind" and I don't get any errors. You might try running a memory test on your PC like memtest86. Perhaps you have bad RAM. -- Caleb Epstein caleb dot epstein at gmail dot com _______________________________________________ Boost-users mailing list Boost-users(a)lists.boost.org http://lists.boost.org/mailman/listinfo.cgi/boost-users -------------------------------------------------------- If you are not an intended recipient of this e-mail, please notify the sender, delete it and do not read, act upon, print, disclose, copy, retain or redistribute it. 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Serialization bug with hash_map?
by Peter Lindman 11 Aug '05

11 Aug '05

Hello, I cannot really get the serializations to work for hash_maps. Using maps, lists and vectors everything works just fine. Using the sample code pasted below (using a hash_map) gives the following compilation-errors: /usr/include/boost/serialization/access.hpp: In static member function `static void boost::serialization::access::serialize(Archive&, T&, unsigned int) [with Archive = boost::archive::text_oarchive, T = __gnu_cxx::hash_map<long int, long int, __gnu_cxx::hash<long int>, std::equal_to<long int>, std::allocator<long int> >]': /usr/include/boost/serialization/serialization.hpp:78: instantiated from `void boost::serialization::serialize(Archive&, T&, unsigned int) [with Archive = boost::archive::text_oarchive, T = __gnu_cxx::hash_map<long int, long int, __gnu_cxx::hash<long int>, std::equal_to<long int>, std::allocator<long int> >]' /usr/include/boost/serialization/serialization.hpp:121: instantiated from `void boost::serialization::serialize_adl(Archive&, T&, unsigned int) [with Archive = boost::archive::text_oarchive, T = __gnu_cxx::hash_map<long int, long int, __gnu_cxx::hash<long int>, std::equal_to<long int>, std::allocator<long int> >]' /usr/include/boost/archive/detail/oserializer.hpp:148: instantiated from `void boost::archive::detail::oserializer<Archive, T>::save_object_data(boost::archive::detail::basic_oarchive&, const void*) const [with Archive = boost::archive::text_oarchive, T = __gnu_cxx::hash_map<long int, long int, __gnu_cxx::hash<long int>, std::equal_to<long int>, std::allocator<long int> >]' /usr/include/boost/archive/detail/oserializer.hpp:243: instantiated from here /usr/include/boost/serialization/access.hpp:106: error: `serialize' undeclared (first use this function) /usr/include/boost/serialization/access.hpp:106: error: (Each undeclared identifier is reported only once for each function it appears in.) Changing the created class to "busmap" (based on std::map) everything works just fine! (The ONLY difference between the classes is the container-definition) System specs: Linux kernel version 2.4.26 g++ (GCC) 3.3.2 20031218 boost-1.32 Sample code compiled with: g++ -o test test.cpp -lboost_serialization-gcc-mt ================================================== #include <fstream> #include <boost/archive/text_oarchive.hpp> #include <boost/archive/text_iarchive.hpp> #include <boost/serialization/hash_map.hpp> #include <boost/serialization/map.hpp> #include <ext/hash_map> #include <map> class busmap { friend class boost::serialization::access; std::map<long,long> bus_serial_map; // Imaginary bus-serial-number to bus number lookup-table; template<class Archive> void serialize(Archive & ar, const unsigned int version) { ar & bus_serial_map; } public: busmap(){} }; class bushashmap { friend class boost::serialization::access; __gnu_cxx::hash_map<long,long> bus_serial_map; // Imaginary bus-serial-number to bus number lookup-table; template<class Archive> void serialize(Archive & ar, const unsigned int version) { ar & bus_serial_map; } public: bushashmap(){} }; int main() { // create and open a character archive for output std::ofstream ofs("filename"); boost::archive::text_oarchive oa(ofs); // create class instance const bushashmap myBusMap; // write class instance to archive oa << myBusMap; // close archive ofs.close(); // ... some time later restore the class instance to its orginal state // create and open an archive for input std::ifstream ifs("filename", std::ios::binary); boost::archive::text_iarchive ia(ifs); // read class state from archive busmap myNewBusMap; ia >> myNewBusMap; // close archive ifs.close(); return 0; } ======================================= Bug or my fault?? Can anyone help? Best regards Peter

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